Recess Makes Kids Smarter
By Melinda Bossenmeyer, Ed.D., The Recess Doctor
We Now Know Why Recess Makes Kids Smarter
Kids love recess. But until recently, we didn’t know why recess makes kids smarter.
Kids love recess. But until recently, we didn’t know why recess makes kids smarter.
According to a second grader, Allison Rincand, her favorite activity at school, “Recess because I get to play with my friends.” Her response mirrors the majority of children in elementary school where over 80% of students rate recess as their favorite subject.
For decades most people have assumed that recess was unimportant. Recess provided a “break” in the school day for teachers and students to get a drink and use the restroom. Going out to play provided those opportunities. True, like Allison students, loved it. Parents and educators thought recess was of little value to the developing child. According to research recess plays a critical role in healthy child development. Best of all, from a child’s perspective, it’s fun!
History of Recess
In a 1884 paper delivered before the Department of Superintendents of the National Education Association, the philosopher and educator, W. T. Harris, debated the question of the retention or abolition of recess. He basically said, “the physical needs of the student out weigh the concerns over the loss of discipline in the school-room and the possible association of pupils with fellow pupils of “worse character.”
He declared that the chief usefulness of recess was the complete suspension of tension brought on by academics.
Recess Statistics
The 2012 Survey of Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS) revealed that only 58.9% of districts require schools to provide recess[2]. When they did they provided between 10 minutes to 30 minutes+ a day.
The popular belief that recess is disappearing is, in fact, a myth. The CDC estimates that elementary students have recess for an average of 4.9 days per week in the schools that report regularly scheduling it (SHPPS 2006)[3]. The U.S. Department of Education survey shows that 88 percent of elementary schools give first graders daily recess, and 83 percent provide it every day to sixth graders (FRSS 2005) [4].
What we see shrinking is minutes. Since No Child Left Behind was enacted in 2001 recess minutes have dropped from 37 minutes a day to on average 24-27 minutes a day by 2008.
A growing trend toward reallocating time in school to accentuate the more academic subjects has put this important facet of a child’s school day at risk. Recess serves as a necessary break from the rigors of concentrated, academic challenges in the classroom. But equally important is the fact that safe and well-supervised recess offers cognitive, social, emotional, and physical benefits that may not be fully appreciated when a decision is made to diminish it.
Recess Statistics
Girls playgrounds. girls enjoy playground
The 2012 Survey of Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS) revealed that only 58.9% of districts require schools to provide recess[2]. When they did they provided between 10 minutes to 30 minutes+ a day.
The popular belief that recess is disappearing is, in fact, a myth. The CDC estimates that elementary students have recess for an average of 4.9 days per week in the schools that report regularly scheduling it (SHPPS 2006)[3]. The U.S. Department of Education survey shows that 88 percent of elementary schools give first graders daily recess, and 83 percent provide it every day to sixth graders (FRSS 2005) [4].
What we see shrinking is minutes. Since No Child Left Behind was enacted in 2001 recess minutes have dropped from 37 minutes a day to on average 24-27 minutes a day by 2008.
Health Benefits of Recess
Of the districts that have cut recess a new phenomenon is emerging. Parents are fighting back. With the growing body of research on the importance of recess and the growing size of waistlines in youth, parents are heeding the warning of pediatricians. Health advocates across the nation are also advocating for the importance and contribution that recess plays in healthy students. In January 2013, Pediatrics Magazine, (The journal of American Academy of Pediatrics) released an article entitled, “The Crucial Role of Recess in Schools.” [5] The article stated,
A growing trend toward reallocating time in school to accentuate the more academic subjects has put this important facet of a child’s school day at risk. Recess serves as a necessary break from the rigors of concentrated, academic challenges in the classroom. But equally important is the fact that safe and well-supervised recess offers cognitive, social, emotional, and physical benefits that may not be fully appreciated when a decision is made to diminish it.
Exercise and Recess
There are a number of health benefits of recess (physical activity) including exercise that helps to maintain a healthy weight, contributes to stronger muscles and bones, and as mentioned earlier, helps to control weight. Physical activity opportunities during recess contribute to the body’s ability to fight disease, ward off colds, allergies, resulting in better school attendance. On its own, recess time can’t reverse the childhood obesity trend, but it can contribute to promoting the habit of an active lifestyle which is a critical component of good health.
Academic Benefits of recess and physical activity.
In recent years a growing body of research has indicated that there is a close relationship between academics and physical activity (PA) achieved at recess. P.A. helps with concentration, and the ability to focus. Students are also less fidgety and more on task after a recess break which is important in cognitive development and skill acquisition[6]. In the book Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain, author, John Ratey discussed that “aerobic exercise physically remodels the brain for peak performance.” Although clearly, only a small percentage of students reach an aerobic level of exercise at recess. Ratey said, “physical activity may “warm up the brain for learning” is now being investigated.
Healthier Kids Make Better Learners- Harvard
Along the same line, a Harvard study in The Journal of School Health entitled, “Healthier students make better learners”, indicated that “the more physical fitness tests children passed, the better they did on academic tests. “ The study, of 1,800 middle school students, suggests that children can benefit academically from physical activity during gym class and recess[7].
Social Benefits of Recess
During recess children gain skills in conflict resolution by playing with their peers, learning how to share, take turns, being a leader, as well as, collaborating and negotiating around games and rules. Recess also offers one of the few times that children have unstructured opportunities to self-select friends and playmates, test relationships, learn social appropriateness, and learn to generally “play nice”. Physical activity is also known to help mitigate depression and anxiety in children.”
Recess is one of the few times kids select activities.
Young children today have less unstructured time than ever before. Even play time outside of school is often scheduled with play dates, lessons and/or sports teams. Attendance in all of the previously stated activities is organized and directly supervised by adults. Recess is one of the few remaining opportunities in which children can select a friend out of a playground full of peers with the option of “trying out both a variety of playmates and a variety of game choices.”
Recess the top opportunity for physical activity in schools
A Robert Wood Johnson Foundation study concluded that, the opportunity for physical activity is higher during recess than at other time in the day. In fact, 42% of activity occurring at recess, 32% during physical education(PE), and 26% during after-school programs/activities [8].
Recess Advocacy
With the growing body of research on the importance of recess. It plays a vital role in healthy child development, social skill acquisition and academic development. It’s no surprise that parents are taking an active role in demanding that schools reinstate recess.
Parents have responded in petitioning the School Board, placing recess on PTA agenda’s, letter writing campaigns and approaching the local press. A Recess Advocacy Toolkit as part of A Right to Recess Campaign provides free by Peaceful Playgrounds, a recess program available in 8,000 schools across the country.
The Recess Advocacy Toolkit includes parent letters, a power point presentation, a meeting agenda, and advocacy guide for Saving School Recess. It can be download here : https://peacefulplaygrounds.com/right-to-recess-campaign/ [/fusion_tagline_box]
1. Harris, T.W., “Recess: a Paper read by W.T. Harris before the Department of Superintendents of the National Educational Association at Washington, February 13, 1884,” History of Education, Popular Education Document No.20, Fiche 3727.
2. CDC & Health and Human Services, “School Policies and Practices Study 2012”. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/shpps/
3. CDC & Health and Human Services, “School Policies and Practices Study 2006”.
4. Institute of Education Sciences. U.S. Department of Education Survey. Fast Response Survey System. 2005.
5. Pediatrics. The Crucial Role of Recess in Schools. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/131/1/183.full
6. Jarrett, O. S., Maxwell, D. M., Dickerson, C., Hoge, P., Davies, G., & Yetley, A. (1998). The impact of recess on classroom behavior: Group effects and individual differences. The Journal of Educational Research, 92(2), 121-126.
7. Basch CE. Healthier students are better learners: high-quality, strategically planned, and effectively coordinated school health programs must be a fundamental mission of schools to help close the achievement gap. J Sch Health. 2011; 81(10): 650-662.
8. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2007). Recess Rules: Why the undervalued playtime may be America’s best investment for healthy kids and healthy schools. Feb. 3, 2011, from http://www.rwjf.org/vulnerablepopulations/product. jsp?id=20591
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